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ADHD Medications – What Are the Side Effects? Many people who suffer from ADHD take medication to treat the condition. It can ease symptoms, but it can also have side effects. Talk to your doctor when you experience any side effects. Stimulants are among the most popular type of prescription medication that healthcare doctors prescribe for ADHD. These medications increase the levels of brain chemicals, also known as neurotransmitters that regulate the behavior and attention. Methylphenidate Methylphenidate, a stimulant of first choice for treating ADHD in adults and children is the most commonly prescribed medication. It works by enhancing the activity in brain areas that regulate attention and behavior. Methylphenidate is also sometimes used to treat other ailments, such as the disorder known as narcolepsy. It can help patients with narcolepsy stay awake during the day and increase their ability to focus and pay attention. This medication has a high risk of abuse and is classified as a Schedule II drug in the US Drug Enforcement Agency. Taking this medication exactly as prescribed will reduce the risk for abuse and also other side effects. Methylphenidate can cause psychotic symptoms in some people. It can also increase the severity of behavior and tics for some patients suffering from Tourette syndrome or bipolar disorder. Before beginning this medication, those suffering from these conditions must tell their doctor. Tell your doctor if there are any other health issues or if you have an allergy to any food or dyes. (For instance, tartrazine is a yellow dye that can be found in some processed food as well as in some medications. If you're on Adhansia XR). Methylphenidate may interact with certain drugs, such as opioids, antidepressants, and monoamine oxide inhibitors. These include isocarboxazid, linezolid and methylene blue. rasagiline, Emsam, Zelapar, or tranylcypromine. Avoid alcohol and other stimulant substances while taking methylphenidate. They can have a negative impact on your blood pressure and heart rate. The immediate-release methylphenidate tablets (Ritalin) and the chewable tablet with long-acting function and the long-acting oral disintegrating capsule (Quillichew ER and Cotempla XR-ODT) contain phenylalanine. It can be risky if you have an inherited condition known as phenylketonuria (PKU). Bupropion Bupropion, a medication that treats depression, works in the brain and improves mood. It also reduces symptoms of ADHD. It is also used to treat depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) which is a form of depression that manifests during the winter months of autumn and winter. It can also help smokers quit by reducing cravings for nicotine and withdrawal symptoms. Numerous studies on adults have shown that bupropion can improve ADHD symptoms when compared to placebo. The pooled fixed-effect RR for improvement in week 6 (using a clinically significant change of 30% or more on the CGI scale) is 1.14 (95% of the interval 0.95 to 1.37) and overall response the corresponding percentage of improved subjects was 52 percent in the bupropion treatment group, compared to 37 percent in the placebo group. Bupropion could cause serious and sometimes life-threatening interactions with a number of different medications, including sedatives antidepressants, and blood pressure drugs. It can also increase the risk of having seizures in people with seizures or high blood pressure. It is also not recommended for use in people with certain medical conditions. It should not be taken by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Bupropion comes in the form of brand-name drugs Wellbutrin SR and Wellbutrin XL. It is also available in the form of Zyban, Budeprion SR. Aplenzin and Forfivo XL. It is also available in generic form. Tricyclic antidepressants Tricyclic Antidepressants, also known as TCAs are a class of medications that work by affecting brain chemical. They were among the first antidepressants that were developed, and although they are no longer considered a first-line treatment for depression, they can still be effective for some patients suffering from other disorders. They work by preventing the reuptakes of dopamine and serotonin, which increases the amount of serotonin that is available to neurons. They can be employed to treat a range of other disorders such as enuresis, pain syndromes like fibromyalgia, as well as phantom-limb syndrome. TCAs are a prescription drug that can be used alone or together with stimulants and they can have a positive effect on the symptoms of ADHD. They can help improve the symptoms of ADHD, and can reduce anxiety, depression and impulsiveness. In addition, they could help manage disorders like tics, which are repeated, uncontrollable movements or sounds like throat clearing or blinking. TCAs may cause adverse effects, such as sedation and dry mouth, and increase the risk of cardiovascular issues. They can interact with other medications, such as anticholinergics and should be avoided by pregnant women. They are also known to be teratogenic in animals and can cross the placenta. Talk to your doctor if concerned. There are antidepressants that are more recent with a lower risk of adverse effects. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) The SSRIs are an antidepressant class of drugs that block serotonin reuptake by neurons and aid in increasing the amount of serotonin available for signaling. They also decrease anxiety and lower impulsive behavior. They are used to treat adhd as they can help people suffering from their symptoms and can work in conjunction with other medications. SSRIs include fluoxetine, sertraline-paroxetine and citalopram. They exhibit linear pharmacokinetics and have a low clearance from the body, yet they are extensively metabolized the liver by CYP450 isoenzymes. This results in blood concentrations that fluctuate. These medications are also prescribed to treat various conditions, such as major depression disorder, bulimia nervosa, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The SSRIs fluoxetine, escitalopram, and sertraline can help to reduce PTSD symptoms. They aren't effective in treating other PTSD symptoms. The SSRIs may cause an uncommon side effect of sexual dysfunction. It is important to discuss this with your physician if you are thinking of taking one of these medicines. It is typical for people to have to try several different types of ADHD medication before they can find the one that is most effective for them. Medications are constantly being developed and researched. It is also crucial to report all the medications you take to your healthcare provider. Selective norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) When stimulant drugs don't work for adults with ADHD Doctors often prescribe an antidepressant known as a selective norepinephrine receptor inhibitor (SNRI). These medications boost levels of norepinephrine, and serotonin two brain chemicals. They also improve mood and reduce depression and anxiety. SNRIs have similar negative effects to TCAs but are safer. They are prescribed for a variety of conditions including anxiety disorders, chronic pain like fibromyalgia, and nerve pain. Sometimes they are used to treat depression as well. The SNRIs include duloxetine (Cymbalta), and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications block the reabsorption of norepinephrine in the brain which is a normal reaction after neurotransmission. This results in a higher than normal phasic release. The increased norepinephrine levels help improve mood and concentration. SNRIs have not been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD however, some doctors prescribe them as an alternative stimulant. They are typically taken orally as pills, however, they can also be taken as patches or liquids. In I Am Psychiatry , the FDA approved an oral SNRI called viloxazine (Qelbree) to treat ADHD in adolescents and children. It is not a controlled substance because it does not have the potential of being misused. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) SNRIs are antidepressants that alter the levels of norepinephrine as well as serotonin in the brain. They are used for depression and anxiety disorders but also aid in the management of ADHD symptoms. SNRI drugs such as duloxetine and venlafaxine have been proven in numerous studies to significantly lower scores on various ADHD questionnaires. However, SNRIs can increase a person's blood pressure and may interact with certain drugs. Therefore, it's important to consult a doctor before taking these drugs. Additionally, improperly discarded medications can cause harm to animals and humans, so it is important to follow proper disposal instructions. SSRIs or SNRIs haven't been approved by the FDA to treat ADHD However, doctors may prescribe them off-label. They are safe and effective, and have less adverse effects than stimulants. Speak to your doctor and discuss your child's health concerns. SNRIs aren't appropriate for everyone. Women who are pregnant or nursing should stay clear of taking SNRIs since they could be passed through breast milk. Also, they should not be used by people with high blood pressure, liver issues or any other cardiovascular problems. Selective dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors (DARPIs). Many people with ADHD discover that medication can help improve their focus and attention. Some may also notice a decrease in their impulsive behavior. The medication is usually combined with behavioral therapy and training to help people understand how to control their symptoms. Finding the appropriate medication for each person takes time. During this process, doctors check physical reactions to find the optimal balance of benefits and side effects. Stimulant drugs, such as methylphenidate, boost the activity of certain brain chemicals that control memory and attention. They are generally safe and effective for most people, however, they may cause serious side consequences, such as decreased appetite and trouble sleeping. These effects typically subside within a few days, as your body adjusts to the medication. Children and adults can also use non-stimulant drugs. They may take longer to work however they can help improve impulse control and concentration. They could include alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists (atomoxetine viloxazine, atomoxetine) and guanfacine hydrochloride. Antidepressants also help treat ADHD. They can increase the neurotransmitter norepinephrine level in the brain and help with the impulsive behavior and depression. Bupropion is an example an antidepressant that has been used to treat ADHD. It was initially prescribed “off-label” for ADHD, but drugmakers eventually came up with extended-release versions and the FDA approved it as a treatment for this condition.